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Selma Fraiberg
Selma Fraiberg (1918–1981) was a child psychoanalyst, author and social worker. She studied infants with congenital blindness in the 1970s. She found that blind babies had three problems to overcome: learning to recognize parents from sound alone, learning about permanence of objects, acquiring a typical or healthy self-image. She also found that vision acts as a way of pulling other sensory modalities together and without sight babies are delayed. In addition to her work with blind babies, she also was one of the founders of the field of infant mental health and developed mental health treatment approaches for infants, toddlers and their families. Her work on intergenerational transmission of trauma such as described in her landmark paper entitled "Ghosts in the Nursery"〔Fraiberg S, Adelson E, Shapiro V (1975). Ghosts in the nursery. A psychoanalytic approach to the problems of impaired infant-mother relationships. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 14(3), 387–421.〕 has had an important influence on the work of living psychoanalysts and clinical researchers such as Alicia Lieberman〔Lieberman AF, Padron E, Van Horn P, Harris WW (2005). Angels in the nursery: The intergenerational transmission of benevolent influences. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26(6), 504–520〕 and Daniel Schechter〔Schechter DS, Coots T, Zeanah CH, Davies, M, Coates SW, Trabka KA, Marshall RD, Liebowitz MR, Myers MM (2005). Maternal mental representations of the child in an inner-city clinical sample: Violence-related posttraumatic stress and reflective functioning. Attachment and Human Development, 7(3), 313–331.〕
== Personal life ==
Selma Fraiberg was born Selma Horwitz on March 8, 1918 in Detroit, Michigan. Her mother was Dorella Horowitz and her father was Jack Horowitz.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ancestry.com/1940-census/usa/Michigan/Dorella-Horowitz_2t17zr )〕 Jack Horowitz took over the family poultry business, while Dorella was a stay at home mother.〔 In 1945 she married Louis Fraiberg who she met while studying at Wayne State University.〔 In 1956 Louis and Selma adopted their daughter Lisa.〔 In 1979 the Fraibergs moved to San Francisco.〔 In August 1981, Fraiberg was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor. She died four months later on December 19, 1981 at the age of 63.〔
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